Know Your Audience

Letting Go of the Words: Writing Web Content that Works, an article by Janice Redish, easily lays out several techniques and step-by-step descriptions of how to write effective, attractive, web content.

Her first tip (we [audiences] all interpret as we read), is about writing for the exact audience you intend to reach.  To do that effectively though, you first have to understand your audience . . .

Janice Redish’s 7 Steps to Understanding Audiences:

1: List your major audiences

2: Gather information about your audiences

3. List major characteristics for each audience

4. Gather your audiences’ questions, tasks, and stories

5. Use your information to create personas

6. Include the persona’s goals and tasks

7. Use your information to write scenarios for your site

Pretty simple steps, right?  Easy to follow?  Redish goes even more in depth, breaking down these steps, but I think they are pretty self-explanatory.  It is definitely interesting to think about the importance of each step, though!  Without targeting the correct audience, web content will not reach anyone effectively.

For instance, think about the audience that Seventeen magazine seeks to reach.  Probably girls between the ages of 13 and 20.  How does the magazine do that effectively? 

Bright colors, fun articles, fashion advice, do-it-yourself hairstyles, relationship Q&As . . . the entire content of the magazine looks to gain teenage subscribers.

Think about Family Circle magazine now.  Who is Family Circle trying to reach?  For the most part, the editors and publishers target their magazine’s content towards women with families – moms with school-age kids.  How does Family Circle do this?  By knowing and understanding its audience!  By recognizing that the people they are targeting to subscribe to Family Circle are interested in things like recipes, home décor, and balancing grocery lists.

It’s all about the audience!  If you were designing a web site, what content would you put on it?  What audience would you be targeting?

Online Editing

Chapter 6 of Brian Carroll's work Writing for Digital Media focuses on the idea of online editing, from both the perspectives of design and publishing.  Carroll brought up several excellent points, and I want to highlight and discuss each individually, below.

Carroll asserts in one of his first paragraphs:

 "Online publishing is not at all like editing for print, at least in terms of job responsibilities.  In print, there are clear distinctions between roles and duties among writers, designers, editors, and copyeditors.  Media convergence online is blurring and blending the job descriptions and responsibilities traditionally assigned to writers and editors.  Even hotshot page designers need to know how to write a declarative sentence; writing skills are not optional" (Carroll 120).

His assertion stating that writing skills are not optional was of particular interest to me.  Am I the only one who notices the constant spelling, grammatical, and content errors spread across Internet websites?  To what writing skills is Carroll referring to?  

Certainly, there are well written pieces available on the Internet - but because anyone can "publish" his or her work on the blogosphere or create a website, I definitely feel as though writing abilities and quality is decreased on the Internet.  Something to think about . . . .

I also enjoyed Carroll's online editing step-by-step directions.  I found it very appropriate and useful for people who edit and publish their work independently on the Internet.  In particular, I enjoyed his recommendation to define the style of the website or Internet source that content is published on - I agree it makes a difference to how the piece should be edited.

The case studies Carroll featured in this chapter were also quite informative.  I especially appreciated Case Study 3: Error Prevention Project in Brazil, because I found the idea of training writers and editors to learn how to prevent errors really interesting.  If we start with educating children as they learn to write, perhaps writing skills will only be enhanced and nourished as they grow up.

What do you think about all the various elements of online editing?  Do you think it is the same or different than print editing?  Why?

Reading Images

In the article "Reading Images" by Gunther Kress and Theo van Leeuwen, the authors break down the composition of photographs, in order to depict the meaning behind the images.

Most notably among the various compositions, in my opinion, was Kress and van Leeuwen's explanation of why compositions matter.  The authors state that composition as it is selected by photographers and layout editors, develops the way that readers view the image (and often its corresponding article).

The type of photograph that I personally find the most striking is the "fly on the wall" photograph.  The authors explain this type of image as one that the subjects are unaware that someone is photographing them, unaware that this event or experience or time in their life is being recorded.  One example that immediately came to my mind was the following:

This photograph was taken by a "fly on the wall" and yet it had a tremendous impact result from it.  The photograph was taken by Wayne Tilcock of The Enterprise and was captioned, "University of California, Davis Police Lt. John Pike uses pepper spray Friday to move peacefully Occupy UC Davis protesters while blocking their exit from the school's quad in Davis, CA.  Pike is a retired US Marine sergeant twice honored for his police work on campus."

The image's photographer may not have known exactly what the media audience's reaction would be to it, but he still had a purpose in mind when he took the photo.  It was to very clearly make a statement about the almost "assailant" role the police officer played for the "victims" or students.

My questions for discussion are though, do all photographs have this same power?  Who decides the impact that a photograph will have?  Is this another case of the infamous "CNN Effect"?  How is the CNN Effect determined with regard to photographs?  Do all photographs have credibility if we know that photographers take certain pictures to represent certain perspectives?

A Step in the Right Direction

Rowe’s article “Framed and Mounted: Sport Through the Photographic Eye” covers a wide variety of information regarding the area of sports photography.

The introduction of the article discusses the task of “unveiling” media sports photography – the characteristics of it, the propriety of it, the framing of it.  

Rowe says early on in the article that “still photography is . . . a form of communication that relies on the notion of ‘capture’ – frozen for all time is a gesture, an expression, incident, or landscape . . . . conducted like any other communicative act through processes of selection; many ‘snaps’ may be taken but only one shot [is] selected out of the multiple variations of angle, focus, composition, and light” (143).

I thought this quote was a marvelous representation of the true essence of what sports photography should be.  Rowe goes on to present many different examples of how sports photography is not as it should be, even arguing that it objectifies women.  Rowe cites an example of a dominant-looking male athlete standing next a submissive looking female athlete, and argues that the submissive stance of the female is objectifying.  Consider the images below from Vogue magazine, of Olympic hopefuls:

What do these images say about male athletes versus female athletes?  Why is Vogue magazine portraying gender roles this way?

I definitely do agree that Rowe presents some honest, realistic examples of the way females can be objectified by the media, particularly in terms of sports photography.  However, I also think that conversely, some media outlets do make attempts to show women as strong, athletic individuals.  The example that first comes to mind for me is the Nike commercial below.

Rowe certainly has a point when she asserts that the success of the Sports Illustrated swimsuit issue isn’t the result of the public’s sudden and short-lived interest in sports.  There is definitely media out there that is still objectifying women.  But I also think that companies like Nike are taking a step in the right direction.

My questions remain though - what do you think?  Is the sports journalism that you encounter day-to-day representing empowered, strong, female athletes?  Or is it seeking, in your opinion, to have women play a submissive role?  If the latter, how can we as consumers of the media, change this?  Either way, why do you think this is?  

Mission Statement

The first time I remember being asked what I wanted to be when I grew up was when I was seven. 

The question fell under a section in my School Days memory book, a book I filled in annually with memories and details of each school year.  Although I did not wonder about the question at the time, as I reflect upon it now, I am astounded that a book would ask a child of seven what career goals she wanted to accomplish over a decade later.

Although my answer to that question when I was seven was “a nurse,” by time I filled in the second grade year of my School Days book, I had laid out for myself the same dream that I have today.  I wanted, and still want, to be a journalist.

Now, I am a third-year Communications Studies major at Furman University, with plans to work at a major magazine after I graduate – preferably as a columnist at Good Housekeeping.  I am still fascinated by stories, perspectives, and retellings, just as I was a seven year old.  I still love to read and even to be read to.  My progression is now, I live and breathe words.  Now, I find intrinsic value in that every word in a language possesses its own distinct, articulate meaning.

It is my hope that my experience in Digital Communication this semester will afford me the opportunity to broaden my understanding of digital journalism.  Although I have always seen myself as a print journalist, I am faced with the undeniable truth that the field of journalism is rapidly changing.  New ideas are constantly emerging, and I hope to be prepared to not only face these changes and new way of thinking, but to embrace them.  I believe this class will teach me these emerging techniques and ideas with regard to not only words, but photos and videos as well, and that it will prepare me to enter my field as a capable journalist, with a thorough understanding of the different forms of digital communication.

The topic I hope to explore throughout this class will be focused on the digital communication engaged by the Furman University Admissions Office.  I am an Admissions Ambassador at Furman, and also serve as a member of the Admission Ambassador Executive Board, so I am particularly interested in investigating the techniques employed by Furman Admissions to attract prospective students to the university.  It will also be helpful to the Admissions Office to see if its employees are engaging all the technological resources that are available.  My research will allow me to either confirm the status of the Admissions Office with regard to its technological engagement as satisfactory, or present me with the opportunity to aid the office in further developing its technology.